ABSTRACT
There is no doubt that coronavirus has succeeded in crippling businesses and people worldwide. It has led to unprecedented economic crisis in countries around the world. The tourism sector isn't an exception to its devastating impacts. The virus has succeeded in affecting not just the economy. In addition to such, job opportunities, and regional developments in local communities have been greatly affected. Tourism throughout the world has been stagnant since the month of April 2020 due to the advent of COVID-19. Given this temporary problem, economies and employment rates have been affected to a great extent. Also, local communities around the world are struggling to survive. In most countries, 50% the revenue generated from exports is contributed by tourism. This means it is a major contributor of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) as well as employment. The major aim of this paper is to carry out an objective review that can enable researchers and experts understand as well as manage the impacts of COVID-19 on tourism. For this to be achieved, this paper discussed the transformational opportunities presented by COVID-19 including questions that it raises. The paper attempts to identify pre-assumptions, institutions, and fundamental values which the tourism industry including other academia need to challenge for development to be achieved. Furthermore, the paper discusses the major impacts, experiences and behaviors being experienced by the 3 stakeholders in the tourism industry - social cost, supply, and demand. Just as measures have been adopted by countries to ameliorate the situation, recommendations have been put forward to ensure speedy recovery of the sector.
ABSTRACT
The sudden outbreak of Covid-19 has severely affected different sectors of the economy of each country, especially the agricultural sector, and has caused widespread disruptions in food systems, exports and imports of goods and agricultural production which shows the necessity to study these effects in order to adapt and deal with them. The study was aimed to analyze the effects of coronavirus outbreak on the rural economy of Nehbandan county in South Khorasan province. The statistical population of the study was all farmers in Nehbandan county which by calculating the Cochran's formula, about 232 farmers' households were determined as the sample population. To select cases through the county, the multi-stage sampling and among villages, random sampling was used and data collection was done through a questionnaire. Data analysis was done through exploratory factor analysis approach. The results showed that due to the outbreak of Corona virus, both supply and demand for agricultural products have decreased. In contrast, the purchase price of agricultural inputs, the selling price of products, labor wages and rents of agricultural land have increased, which indicates the increase in agricultural costs. On the other hand, the access to agricultural inputs such as machinery and especially agricultural labor has been greatly reduced, which has increased the time of planting and harvesting. Furthermore, agricultural and even non-agricultural incomes have decreased and along with increasing in living expenses and unemployment, have led to a decrease in the welfare and livelihood of rural households. It is suggested that government and officials provide credit and training packages to support farmers during the outbreak of the covid-19.
ABSTRACT
The modern food market is undergoing a period of rapid development following the changes in marketing technologies and consumer behavior patterns. Nowadays, people pay more attention to the quality and composition of food products, as well as their functional properties. The present article reviews the international and Russian market of functional foods in order to define the consumer demand for new specialized products. The methods included data comparison, grouping, and systematization. The analysis involved Russian and foreign papers published in 2018-2022 and registered in Scopus, eLibrary, Cyberleninka, and the Library of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. It also covered the National Demography Project, the Healthy Nutrition Project, and the Strategy for Improving the Quality of Food Products through 2030. Consumers' growing interest in improving their health and immune system proved to be the key factor in the functional food market. The COVID-19 pandemic intensified such trends as the priority of healthy, high-protein, and low-sugar foods. Japan and the USA are the current leaders on this market. Russia supports healthy food policy at the state level. The functional food market is likely to become the most promising and competitive sector of global food economy. Consumer demand for these products is steadily growing: the volume of demand for functional food products will reach 17 trillion rubles by 2027. However, Russian food science needs more research in this area to catalyze import substitution. The Omsk Agrarian University has numerous projects that are meant to increase the competitiveness of the domestic functional food industry.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic brought impacts of several types, among them it affected the execution of the National School Feeding Program (PNAE), demanding adaptations of strategies and regulations for the continuity of food supply to Brazilian students enrolled in the public school network. This study aimed to recognize the strategies for implementing the PNAE in Rio de Janeiro (RJ), its limits and contributions to the promotion of Food and Nutritional Security for students from Rio de Janeiro, and to analyze the regulations related to the management of the program in the pandemic. A cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out, with an online questionnaire being applied to the executing entities (EEx) of the PNAE in the state of RJ from March to July 2020. Most of the EEx continued the PNAE, adopting as a priority the delivery of food kits and the transfer of financial resources, carried out through intersectoral partnerships and with the participation of nutritionists, education workers and School Feeding Councils;however, sometimes violating the PNAE guidelines, regarding universality, equity and purchase of foodstuffs from family farming. It was concluded that many implementing entities did not fulfill or partially fulfilled the PNAE objectives in the first half of 2020, enhancing the high prevalence of food insecurity observed in the country.
ABSTRACT
High price disparity is an economic problem that causes the welfare level of the population to be low. The government through the Sea Highway program tries to reduce price disparities through subsidized and scheduled sea transportation to serve several ports in Indonesia, one of which is in the province of Riau Islands. The Strait of Lampa Port is one of the marine transportation nodes which is a stopover point for Sea Toll boats on the T-3 route serving Natuna Regency. This port has the status of a regional feeder port with the hinterland area of Natuna Regency with Ranai as the district capital. This study aims to provide input related to the clustering of the Marine Highway program in Natuna from several perspectives, namely from the potential of regional commodities and infrastructure for Sea Toll services in the Natuna region. The analysis method used is descriptive qualitative and comparative. The results showed that for the cluster of the western region of Indonesian waters, in this case represented by a sample of the T-3 Natuna Islands Sea Toll route service, in terms of supply and demand from the homebase of Tanjung Priok Port, it is sufficiently balanced even though there are several superior commodities in the Natuna archipelago that have not yet optimally distributed, due to the low development and increase in added value of commodities. Based on the sample Sea Toll service route that has been selected for the Western Region of Indonesia, namely the T-3 route for the Natuna Islands region, several criteria that need to be considered in the future regarding the Sea Toll service cluster include regional commodities, Port infrastructure facilities and infrastructure, hinterland transportation facilities and infrastructure, and ship type and capacity.
ABSTRACT
The study was undertaken to know perception of veterinary students on impact of COVID-19 lockdown on livestock and poultry sectors and suggestions to manage the lockdown impact. Data were collected through google form from 73 veterinary undergraduate students on July 2021. The data was analysed by descriptive statistics, Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) and results were interpreted. Our results revealed that veterinary students strongly agreed with increased prices for concentrate feed and limited supply (50.70%), limited availability of veterinary doctors for private practices (39.70%), declined livestock sales owing to livestock transportation constraints (41.10%) and declined demand for meat/livestock due to consumer unreadiness (28.80%) toward the livestock sectors. Further, the study reported that veterinary students had greater perception on price drop of eggs and broiler chicken during lockdown's initial period (47.90%), rise in consumption of country chicken meat and eggs (61.60%) and farm labour shortages (47.90%) in the poultry sector. These participants suggested, expansion of milk collection centres;and sell milk and meat via a mobile van (RBQ 47.06);give COVID-19 vaccination priority to farm labour;employ family labour for farm maintenance (RBQ 36.76);and promote COVID-19 measures through prominent local leaders (RBQ 35.29) to manage COVID-19 impact on livestock.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the article is to present changes in the bilateral trade in agri-food products between Poland and China, and to identify the main opportunities and threats to the development of Polish agri-food exports to this market. The article is based on data received from the Central Statistical Office, WITS-Comtrade and Eurostat-Comext databases. The analysis covers the value and commodity structure of bilateral trade in agri-food products as well as indicators of the degree of adjustment of Polish agri-food exports to China's import demand. The research results indicate that Polish trade in agri-food products with China is characterized by a constant deficit, and the export of agri-food products from Poland to China focuses on several groups of products. Sales of Polish food on the Chinese market reached a record value of EUR 207 million in 2019, but it constituted only 0.7% of the total Polish agri-food exports. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caused additional logistical difficulties, increased production and transport costs, which directly translated into lower profitability and a decrease in exports in the next two years.
ABSTRACT
The U.S. imports about two billion dollars of fresh bananas, accounting for over 99 percent of domestic banana consumption annually. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the fresh banana supply chain and caused unexpected price movements along the marketing channel. This research investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on price adjustments in the U.S. fresh banana market. A Vector Error Correction (VEC) model was employed to evaluate the speeds of price adjustments along the U.S. banana marketing channel at the import and retail levels, and historical decomposition graphs were used to investigate the magnitude of price adjustments caused by the COVID-19 shock. The results show that the deviation from the long-run equilibrium caused by the shock was corrected faster for the import prices than retail prices. Hence, the speeds of price adjustments were asymmetric in the period of the COVID-19 shock. Additionally, the magnitudes of price changes caused by the pandemic shock were different, leading to increased price margins. These results point to the inefficiency of the banana marketing channel with welfare, policy, and agribusiness implications.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of global manufacturing companies to their supply chains and operating activities as one of the significant disruption events of the past two decades. It has demonstrated that major companies underestimate the need for sustainable and resilient operations. The pandemic has resulted in significant disruptions especially in the automotive industry. The goal of the study is to determine impact of the COVID-19 on supply chain operations in a Turkish automotive manufacturer and to develop a framework for improving operational activities to survive in the VUCA (volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity) environment. The study identifies how the case study company has been affected by the COVID-19 outbreak and what challenges the company faced during the pandemic. A diagnostic survey and semi-structured interviews were used as data sources with qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results showed that the pandemic led to significant disruptions through various factors explained by shortage of raw materials/spare parts, availability of transportation, availability of labors, demand fluctuations, increase in sick leaves, new health and safety regulations. Findings also show the necessity to re-design resilience supply chain management by providing recovery plans (forecasting, supplier selection, simulation, monitoring) which consider different measures in different stages. In addition, the best practices were recommended for the case study by considering internal, external, and technological challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Some of the given targeted guidelines and improvement for the automotive company might be applicable in the industrial practices for other organizations. The article concludes with future research directions and managerial implications for successful applications.
ABSTRACT
The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the seafood supply chain were assessed, focusing in particular on the farmed turbot supply chain and the sturgeon caviar market in the EU. Overall, 2020 saw consistent export volumes of turbot in the EU. The sharp decline in trade at the initial impact of the pandemic, during March and April of 2020, has been offset by the peak export seasons of summer and Christmas. In Spain, turbot used to be sold to the HoReCa segment and other "premium" markets at international level (USA, Asia). As these traditional segments were closed during lockdown periods or experienced logistic problems, main Spanish producers almost completely shifted to the retail market in a few months. So far in 2021, an operator reports that a significant part of turbot production is still sold through retail despite lower sale prices, since the HoReCa sector is still impacted by the low level of tourism activities. This appears consistent with the growth of at-home consumption volumes in Spain in 2020 (+55% compared to 2019). However, this shift caused a slight drop of the average price. Overall, 2020 saw lower exports and imports of caviar. The sharpest decline in trade was seen during the initial impact of the pandemic, in March and April 2020. Logistical problems, as well as a decline in demand are the explanatory factors. As the year progressed and the peak season of Christmas drew closer, volumes increased to approach pre-pandemic levels. During the first half of 2021 the trade of caviar seemed to be higher than ever before. As there is no production data available it is unsure how production was affected, but several stakeholders report postponing their spring harvest.
ABSTRACT
The article aims to estimate the dynamics of agricultural land prices in nominal and real terms and to assess their differentiation due to land localisation and land quality in the period of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the period preceding the pandemic in Poland. The results of the analysis, showed that during the five years before the pandemic the rate of growth of the arable land prices was high. In the first year of the pandemic, the prices were stable, but in the second one, the prices soared. The rate of growth was higher than the rates in the previous years. One of the reasons for the excessively high increase was inflation. The appearance of urban households on the land market was another reason. The restrictions imposed on society due to COVID-19, combined with the development of remote work opportunities, resulted in a rise in the interest in purchasing residential real estates in rural areas and increased demand for agricultural land. This phenomenon will have long term multidimensional effects for rural areas. Moreover, the quick growth of land prices, despite the existing legal barriers to trade, means that land is regarded more and more as an regular investment good. The rapid growth of agricultural land prices increases the attractiveness of agricultural land as a speculative good. In such circumstances, it is not surprising that during the pandemic, the relation of the prices of fertile land to prices of lower quality land decreased. Probably this phenomenon will be an important barrier to the improvement in the area structure of the Polish agriculture.
ABSTRACT
Factors currently undermining food and nutrition security in Pacific Island Countries are discussed, namely: climate and water risk, associated loss of arable land and the adaptation gap;limited employment opportunities and reliance on remittances;significant dependence on food imports;persistent gender inequality;rapid population growth, intergenerational inequity, and urbanisation;persistent under-resourcing of biosecurity, animal and plant health;fragmented value chains and food governance systems;traditional farming practises and declines in agricultural productivity;increasing logistical costs and the future implications of greenhouse gas targets for shipping food to and from Pacific nations;and poorly adapted and underfunded education and risk communication. It is also indicated that the current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted exposures in Pacific security, with this shock resulting in significant loss of employment and incomes, disrupted value chains due to both local and international restrictions on logistics, and resultant increases in food prices and growing food insecurity.
ABSTRACT
The word 'unprecedented' is used liberally and often inappropriately. However, the current macro-economic and global political landscape is currently going through genuinely unprecedented flux. Economic recovery post-COVID-19 has driven strong inflationary pressures that are compounded by labor shortages and supply chain fragility. Global energy prices are extremely high, and many food staples are increasingly unaffordable for consumers. This article highlights the significance of using enzymes as feed additive to reduce feed costs.
ABSTRACT
COVID-19 has increased suffering in various sectors of life and affected people's daily lives worldwide. It has significantly impacted the health, economic and social fields. The Czech Republic is one of the countries hit hard by the epidemic, which led to its closure several times. This paper empirically examines the impact of COVID-19 on stock prices in the Czech Republic with the help of the Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds Test. The daily closing prices of the stock index, P.X., from 22/03/2020 to 21/02/2022 were used for the Analysis. The results reveal that the Czech stock market was negatively affected during the pandemic;this effect was short-term and long-term.
ABSTRACT
This special issue consists of nine original articles, in addition to four articles that were published before this original collection was released. Topics covered include, among others: the impact of COVID-19 and associated policy responses on global food security;consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods by the African poor;food system transformation in Asia;the effect of climate change on the evidence needed for agricultural development;digital transformation for a sustainable agriculture in the USA;the role of digitally-enabled financial instruments in an inclusive agricultural transformation;and the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to address information inefficiencies in food supply chains.
ABSTRACT
This note assesses the impacts of COVID-19 on the processing sector of Myanmar's agri-food system. We focus on the milling of rice, Myanmar's most important staple, which accounts for more than half of calories consumed and serves as one of the country's leading export commodities. Using unique data collected from telephone surveys with more than 400 medium- and large-scale rice mils, we highlight the major disruptions caused by the pandemic. Key findings: The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant disruptions for medium- and large-scale rice mills, including lower milling throughput, employee layoffs, and lower credit availability. Despite these issues, we find significant resilience in the sector. COVID-19 has been associated with relatively small changes in processing margins. Any changes in rice prices during the pandemic were mostly transmitted to rice farmers. Modern mills pay higher prices to their suppliers and sell rice more expensively due to extra processing. Modern and traditional mills were similarly affected by the COVID-19 crisis, as seen in similar changes in the prices each paid to buy paddy and the prices they received for their milled rice. Byproducts are very important for milling margins both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Without byproduct sales there would be a need for much higher margins between paddy producer and rice consumer prices to assure the profitability of the mills. Recommended actions: Access to international markets has seemingly contributed to price stability in local markets, indicating the importance of continued trade, albeit in a safe way, during shocks. Monitoring crucial processing nodes in agricultural value chains through high-frequency inexpensive telephone interviews has allowed us to track a large sector of Myanmar's economy that has strong and wide links to producers and consumers. Similar survey set-ups should be pursued in other sectors. Modernization of mills is associated with higher prices for farmers and, therefore, should be encouraged. Further relaxation of restrictions on investments in agro-processing and on international trade in the sector will foster increased modernization.
ABSTRACT
It is shown that three compounding crises (conflict, COVID, and climate change) are giving rise to another: hunger. Russia's invasion of Ukraine sent food prices to an all-time high by disrupting commodity flows from two of the world's largest exporters of wheat and other staples. Importantly, food prices are rising along with, and because of, other major global economic challenges, including rising inflation, the pandemic which continues to snarl supply chains, and climate change which threatens production across many of the world's agricultural regions. The number of people without sufficient food consumption is back to where it was in the early 2000s.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected almost every sector of the economy, including international trade in food and agro-based products. The aim of the study is to examine the international trade of food and agro-based products among several countries in the pre- and in-pandemic period, focusing on the first four waves of pandemic. The study concludes that the COVID-19 pandemic has affected international trade in food and agro-based products due to government restrictions (border closures, export-import restrictions). In some countries, there was a shortage of some goods only initially for a transitional period, but as global supply was still satisfactory, an optimal distribution of products among countries was able to eliminate any shortages. The greatest negative impact of the pandemic has been on US trade, but it has spilled over to almost every country, especially its two main trading partners, the European Union and China. In terms of products, the biggest disruptions were in international trade in meat and meat preparation, fish and other aquatic invertebrates, and tobacco products. In addition to government restrictions, consumer habits have also changed to which actors have had to adapt. In addition, some of the habits have remained, which will also have an impact on future trade. International trade cannot be completely demolished but in the future countries must also prepare locally for similar unexpected shocks.
ABSTRACT
An efficient commodity market creates a price relationship between two or more markets. This study provides an overview of the behavior of premium granulated sugar prices and the price relationship between market levels. Time series data for the period January 2018-March 2022, are used in this study. Graphical trend analysis;and cointegration analysis with Vector Autoregression (VAR) approach to find research objectives. The research found that the price behavior of premium quality granulated sugar in the traditional market and the modern market is more dynamic than the price at the wholesaler level. The highest price spike occurred in the early period of covid-19, and several months later it returned to stability. Price behavior in traditional markets does not follow movements at other market levels simultaneously but takes some time to reach equilibrium. There is a long-term rionship (cointegration) between prices at the level of traditional markets, modern markets, and wholesalers, which contribute to the balance in the market. Market players need to take a strategic role in maintaining price balance at every level of the market in order to create an efficient and fair market.
ABSTRACT
This paper begins with a survey of recent commodity price developments that highlights the magnitude of this price surge and identifies the rapid rise in wheat prices as a key element. The analysis in this paper focuses on the extent to which domestic markets are insulated from these changes and on the resulting impacts on world prices. An econometric analysis using error-correction models finds stable long-term relationships between world wheat prices and most domestic prices of wheat and wheat products, but with considerable variation across countries in the rate of price transmission. A case study of the price shocks during the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine food price crisis finds that price insulation roughly doubled the overall increase in world wheat prices and raised their volatility both during periods of price increase and price decline.